Performance Apprasial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance Apprasial Management - Assignment Example Biasness must also be avoided and the necessary actions from the appraisal should be communicated effectively and efficiently to the concerned parties. Companies that have done appraisal well have always been associated with better performance and high employee motivation (Schuler 2006). To achieve the process, employees must be handled as rational people and should not be intimidated. Reasons for appraisal There are various reasons why organizations engage in employee performance. First, it is through evaluation that the organization and employees get to know of the feedback of their performance (Schermerhorn 1993). Research has shown that if employees obtain feedback on their performance, they get to feel appreciated and are therefore ready to continue with their positive performance or improve their efficiency through taking corrective actions. Appraisal also makes employees get motivated. Motivation is the urge of doing or not doing something. If appreciated through giving feedba ck and when employees are challenged of the gap that can be filled to increase efficiency, they get motivated and their commitment to the organization increases (Grote 1996). As a result, the employees’ turnover will reduce and organizational continuity will be enhanced. Another reason for appraisal s to help peg employee rewards. Organizations’ that undertake appraisal get to determine the rewards and bonus on performance. Promotions and retentions will always be based on the appraisal results (Smith & Hornsby 1966). Moreover, appraisals are aimed at identifying the employees training needs and the employees that need to be taken for further training. The employers will therefore be geared at matching the skills required in performance and those in possession by the employees. This will prevent organizations losses and breakages and increase output. In addition, employees’ appraisal is aimed at improving the interaction between the employee and the supervisor h ence creating team building (Lingham 2007). The employees interaction will be enhanced and strong relationship will be created between the employees and supervisors. Appraisal also helps in the revision of employee policies (Smith & Hornsby 1966). Companies like PepsiCo and diamond international that have employed performance appraisal have realized improvements in their performance and high employee morale. In PepsiCo for instance, employees who have achieved exceptional performance are rewarded with bonus and their promotion guaranteed (Armstrong & Appelbaum 2003). These employees are always retained and preferred in cases where the company needs to improve their production of their staff. The same applies in Diamond international where employees, efforts are recognized and rewarded (Schermerhorn 1993). In these companies, there has been increaseproduction and low employee turnover. Through performance appraisal, corrective actions are made and company’s’ products im proved (Alvi 2011). Performance appraisal is therefore value additive when properly done and implemented. Trends in Performance Appraisal Currently, the appraisal methods have tremendously changed to conform to the new organizational structures and objectives (Bhatia 1981). The first trend in employee evaluation is the linking of employees’ performance to the general organizational objectives (Lingham 2007).

IT Business Alignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

IT Business Alignment - Coursework Example This essay aims at reviewing how IT should be greater aligned with the business requirements and strategic goals in order to avoid falling into the misalignment trap. This goal could be achieved by realizing that IT has become a critical tool -or even a driver- for the achievement of business strategic goals. The essay defines "IT business alignment" and "IT governance" and the relationship between them in the first place. Then, it gives an idea about the importance of IT business alignment, IT business alignment current state in order to realize the gap between IT and business strategic goals and the increasing awareness and need for alignment. First of all to realize exactly what is meant by IT business alignment concept, the essay will define the "IT business alignment" concept talking into consideration that "the history of theory-building around the concept of alignment is still young and has only been going on approximately 15 years" Ekstedt, Mathias et al (2005). Tapia, Roberto Santana (2006) gives a simple definition for IT Business alignment as "the problem of matching services offered by IT with the requirements of the business". Also, Kavin W. Moody (2003) mentioned, "the term IT alignment is generally used in reference to the alignment of an organization's IT resources with the objectives of its business units". Neil Macehiter and Neil Macehiter and Neil Ward-Dutton (2005), define IT-business alignment as "the process through which businesspeople and IT delivery organizations collaborate to create an environment in which investment in IT and delivery of IT services reflect business priorities, whether IT services are sourced internally or externally; and in which business priorities are influenced by understanding of IT capabilities and limitations." Figure (1): IT-business alignment Source: Neil Macehiter, Neil Ward-Dutton (2005), On IT-Business Alignment So, according to this definition, there are three important elements in IT-business alignment: (1) investment, (2) service delivery, and (3) collaboration in change management. The relationship between the alignment and IT governance is shown in Figure (1). Steven De Haes and Wim Van Grembergen (2004) concluded that IT business alignment is the key element in IT governance so, it can be achieved by acknowledging IT governance as a part of enterprise governance and by setting up an IT governance framework with best practices". They define IT governance as "the leadership and organizational structures, processes and relational mechanisms that ensure that an organization IT sustain and extends its strategy and objectives". However, Ortiz, Aurora Sanchez (2003) defines IT governance as "specifying the decision rights and accountability framework to encourage desirable behavior in the use of IT" After defining IT business alignment giving its elements and its relationship with IT governance, the essay will discuss the transformation of the role of IT in business in order to realize the importance and the need for IT business alignment. Rathnam, R. G. (2004) mentioned that "during the last 30 years, information technology (IT) has become an increasingly integral part of business operations, at the beginning, the use of

Urban tourism in Bath Field Report Dissertation

Urban tourism in Bath Field Report - Dissertation Example Urban tourism is often perceived as an opportunity for a community centre to economically advance itself and its residents. However, the urbanization process usually entails many transformations that compromise some local values and advantages towards achieving and maintaining attractive spaces in a city.This is with the goal to sustain growth of business and the communities,attraction of visitors,provide reasons for spending,and other social and economic gains Some of the results and effects, however may be adverse to the community’s welfare such as increase social problems of migration and unsustainable population growth, and environmental degradation. This paper through participant observation, was able to identify some of the environmental problems that Bath as a city currently experiences in its attempt to sustain and maintain the area as an urban tourist destination. Changes throughout history have made it one of the more architecturally blessed cities of the world with its original tourist attraction. The growing population and demand for urban tourism, however, has brought in environmental issues such as reduction of green belt and parks to sustain housing demand, surge of water costs, garbage collection and disposal, as well as disease control and prevention. It was noted that these issues should be addressed through adoption of policy on sustainability as well as strict implementation of cooperation to achieve sustainable goals. Chapter 1: Introduction Man has always kept moving like a butterfly. Most of us cannot stay in one place for long. I myself am like that and man should have been born with wings or wheels, for easy transport. In every individual there is a passion to soar in the clouds and go to the distant end of the earth. However, choice is limited where he can go to or how. Some people indulge in the joy of â€Å"tourism†. Tourism means that one goes out to different areas of the world enjoying the sites, culture, and the ent ertainments. Many tourists enjoy their life and comfort that touring provides. Touring gives an aura of cool nomads, happy to go where the wind and water takes them (Buckley & Littlefair, 2007). Urban pertains to the city areas and its lifestyle. Many main cities of Europe, the Americas, Asia, and everywhere have unique traits to show off. However, creating and reinventing urban areas to become a tourist spots is a difficult and long process, with lots of work, and costly investments. Urban areas are places that require a much attention and cooperation between leaders, the private sectors, the public and even outsiders to turn into one a tourist attraction. According to Lundie et al (2007) the four qualities of a city tourist spot are: 1) High physical densities of structures, people and functions; 2) Social and cultural heterogeneity, 3) Economic mal-functionalism; and 4) Physical centrality within regional and interurban systems. Demands for urban tourism rose rapidly due to the n eed to sustain growth as well posterity. However, urban tourism is multipurpose and multidimensional in nature. National and local governments in cooperation with various sectors invest in selected areas which are considered attractions such as malls, entertainment zones, historical districts, redevelopment zones, ethnic and sacred spaces. Tourists flock to areas that provide accommodation, transport, best facilities, attraction and guides. However, tourist satisfaction does not equate to a beautiful and healthy environment as urbanism and tourism address similar problems of growth, density, demand, and other forces that require sustainability and balance. Tourist spots are from time to time reconsidered to sustain healthy, safe, and nurturing spaces. This paper will try to identify different environment impacts of tourism in Bath, United Kingdom, point out

A Comparison of Nurses Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of Nurses Essay A Comparison of Nurses Educated at the Associate-Degree Level versus the Baccalaureate-Degree Level A career in nursing has many possibilities and depending on where one is employed there may be different educational requirements. There are many nurses in the workforce with only their associate’s degree in nursing, but as time passes it seems that the baccalaureate degree is becoming more of an expectation. This brings up the question- is there a difference in the competency of the associate-level nurse from the baccalaureate-level nurse? Studies are showing that there is a difference and patient outcomes are affected by this difference. Differences between the Associate Degree in Nursing and the Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing In order to compare the competencies between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level versus the baccalaureate-degree level, one must first compare the requirements to obtain these degrees. The Associate’s Degree in Nursing, abbreviated ADN, is a two-year degree usually earned through a community college. It requires 60 credit hours to complete and upon completion the graduate can apply for licensure through the state in which they will practice. The Bachelors of Science in Nursing, also called BSN, is a four-year degree obtained at a university. It includes the same areas of study and has the same license upon completion of the NCLEX as the ADN nurse, but delves further into nursing theory as well as pathophysiology and technical skills. Many employers require the bachelor’s degree for higher positions in nursing such as clinical managers and nurse specialists. Differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level versus the baccalaureate-degree level As explained above the bachelor’s degree in nursing requires two more years of education and a much deeper study of nursing theory and pathophysiology than the associate’s degree. The question is does this extra education and focus on nursing theory make a BSN nurse more competent than an ADN nurse. Research suggests there is a significant effect of nurse experience and a significant effect of the percentage of BSN nurses in each hospital (Kendall-Gallagher, Aiken, Sloane Cimiotti, 2011) in regards to better patient outcomes. To understand the difference one must look at the basic nursing process and how knowledge of nursing theory and pathophysiology affects it. The basic process taught in nursing school in providing patient care is assessment, plan, intervention and evaluation. Assessment is one the first things a nursing student learns. The associate-level and bachelor-level nurse will both have learned this skill in the very first days of nursing school. Both nurses will also be competent with the last step, evaluation of the interventions. The advantage a BSN nurse will have lies in the middle two steps- plan and intervention. The plan and interventions a nurse provides is affected by their decision-making skills and this is based on their education. Plan and Intervention. To determine a patient’s plan of care, one looks at the abnormal assessments and then uses their knowledge of pathophysiology to determine the plan of care. While the BSN nurse will not necessarily have more clinical hours in assessing the patient, they will have taken more classes in pathophysiology than the ADN nurse and therefore may notice a disease process more readily than the ADN nurse. This is where the interventions will occur. Interventions are determined by the nurse based on their decision-making skills. Decision-Making Skills Nursing is a field in which one is given a great amount of autonomy. Therefore much of a patient’s care is affected by a nurse’s decision-making skills. One’s ability to make decisions is affected by many things including past experiences, environment and education. The focus here is education and how the additional study for the BSN affects nurses’ decision-making skills. The BSN nurse will have studied pathophysiology and nursing theory in greater depth than the ADN nurse. This extra knowledge is then applied to the decisions a nurse makes for their patient. These decisions have a great impact on patient outcomes and recent studies have indicated that there is decreased morbidity, mortality, and failure-to-rescue rates in hospitals that employ larger percentages of baccalaureate prepared nurses (Altman, 2011). Effect of baccalaureate-degree level nurses on patient outcomes In the acute situation the BSN nurse can use their knowledge of pathophysiology in addition to their decision-making skills to decrease morbidity and mortality. Taking into account the greater picture, a more holistic approach based on the BSN nurse’s familiarity with nursing theory, will improve patient outcomes. For example let’s look at a hospital admission for a congestive heart failure exacerbation. Both the ADN and BSN nurse will assess the patient and notice classic signs like shortness of breath and edema. Both nurses will plan on diuresis and paying close attention to respiratory status. The difference will come with the holistic approach that a BSN nurse is more likely to take. The emphasis on the nursing theories that a BSN nurse has studied will allow them to look at the patient as a whole, rather than dealing with only stabilization of symptoms. The knowledge of nursing theory the BSN nurse has will allow them to delve further into why this patient admitted and what they can do to prevent a readmission. The BSN nurse asks questions as to what caused the exacerbation. It may be that the patient needs more teaching on diet and medication compliance. They will ask the patient about their home situation. It’s possible the patient is having financial burdens that have kept them from filling their prescriptions. The BSN nurse is more likely to look at the home situation. The patient may have depression with the diagnosis and need some resources for social support. In regards to King’s theory, nursing’s central goal is to help individuals maintain their health so that they can function in their roles (Creasia, 180). By helping the patient function in their role, the nurse empowers the patient to lead a healthier life. The patient is sent home educated with the resources needed to lead a healthy life and therefore reduces unnecessary hospital admissions. This in turn allows the space available for hospital admissions that are necessary and leads to a healthier community. REFERENCES Altmann, Tanya K. (2011). Registered nurses returning to school for a  bachelors degree in nursing: Issues emerging from a meta-analysis of the research. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, 39, (2): 256-72. Creasia, J; Friberg, E. (2011). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice. (5th Edition). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Kendall-Gallagher, Deborah; Aiken, Linda H. ; Sloane, Douglas M. ; Cimiotti, Jeannie P. (2011). Nurse Specialty Certification, Inpatient Mortality, and Failure to Rescue. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43, 188-94.

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communism had one of the greatest political impacts than any other political ideas in the 20th century around the world. What is important and interesting about communism is its background, concept, and why many countries apply to this idea. This essay will generally focus on the background, ideology, and why the countries and political parties applied to this idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communism did not exist until the 18th century. The idea of communism originated from the industrial revolution in Great Britain and French Revolution in France. These two revolutions had proven the fact that rich and power could be successfully challenged by the poor the powerless people. During this time  ¡Ã‚ §A German philosopher and economist born in 1818, who lived most of his life in England, Karl Marx ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Communism, pg 7) was very aware of the huge gap between the rich and the poor. The poor were starving while the rich were luxurious and wealthy. Marx wanted to change this, and he wanted to make things right, so the best way to accomplish the goal is through the idea of socialism or communism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ §The word communism comes from the French word  ¡Ã‚ ¥commun ¡Ã‚ ¦ which means  ¡Ã‚ ¥belong to all. ¡Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Communism, pg 6) The idea and concept of communism is very similar to socialism.  ¡Ã‚ §Under socialism, there will be shared ownership but people would still be rewarded according to how much work they have done. ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Communism, pg 5) In contrast...

Principles of Transportation Economics

All through the phase of airline regulation, the government set airline faires and regulated an air carrier's entry into and exit from particular markets. Assuming that the incumbent airlines made economic profits while they were regulated, what impact, if any, did the government's regulation of routes have upon air carrier's ability to make profits?Transportation economics is considered as the analysis of the share of carrying wherewithals so as to come across the necessities of the general public (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, 2007). In a broader sense, delivery pursuits create a segment of a state’s entire trade and industry items for consumption and take part in the responsibility of constructing or intensification of a countrywide or local economy and as a stimulus in the progress of assets.With the hauling precautions direction, there is a constraint that the travelers must hand over a boarding documentation ahead of going through zones outside safekeeping checkpoin ts. Numerous airlines recently proffer passengers the means of departing through the net and producing lodging permits or licenses prior to leaving.Due to government intervention, the imposition of government faires will consequentially affect the fees of airline carriers’ consumers. They will be compelled of taxes, charges, and additional costs on matters such as fuel, airport rents, aircraft financing, which will be reflective and increase the prices that they will be paying for (Hardisty, 2003). And therefore, will have a lower demand for the airline services.This may indeed affect the income of the incumbent airlines since their transactions are regulated. Consumers of their service will eventually hold back their use of the airline service since there are a lot of barriers to entry as stated by Palmby (1995). The former ease of access was lessened. For these reason, people will not be able to bring some things that they usually carry or transport.Additionally as discusse d by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Optimal Solutions and Technologies (OST) in 1999, on account of the government intervention, the administration of airline carriers will have fewer opportunities to improve their systems and just depend on the established government regulation of airlines. Significant losses can be incurred by the managing airlines and they tend to stay extremely susceptible to drop in airline interchange. Their pecuniary chances have gone through noteworthy stumbling blocks.However, although the government regulation of routes has a negative impact upon the air carrier’s ability to make profits, it has also a positive impact in return.Some terrorist attacks through air carriers may be prevented, hence, the management of air carriers does not have to spend money on possible damages that terrorism may have caused (Potter, 2006). Aside from that, together with the cooperation that the management of air carriers is receiving from the government, the running institution may have a directory or catalog of legal persons who may possibly avail of their services. Therefore, the management of air carriers does not have to spend their resources on tracking some unauthorized and illegal passengers. Furthermore, because of authority supervision, there will be more convenient gate assignments (and less reassignments); as a result, more people may eventually avail of the airline services despite higher costs of transport. These sets of incidences cyclically may contribute to beneficial return of earnings to the airline managements.Even though there is a prevailing acquisition and implementation of government regulation in airline carriers, with proper and appropriate administration of their managements, they will be more likely to have a good return in the running government regulation or will be able to have better accumulation of profits.References:FAA/OST Task Force Study (1999). Airport Business Practices and their Impact on Airl ineCompetition. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from http://ostpxweb.dot.gov/aviation/domav/airports.pdf.Hardisty, Kent (2003). The Viability of the Airline Industry in Canada. Retrieved June 16, 2007,from file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Owner/LOCALS~1/Temp/Capt-1.htm.Palmby, William G. (1995). Enhancement of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet: An Alternative forBridging the Airlift Gap. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from http://www.fas.org/man/eprint/palmby.htm.Potter, Jeff (2006). Frontier Airlines. Retrieved June 16, 2007, fromhttp://www.frontierairlines.com/frontier/pdf/Annual_Report_2006.pdf.transportation economics. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 16, 2007, fromEncyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110749.

Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s setting. Essay

1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of your own work role. The day to day care and supervision of children aged 3months to a 1year. Planning and implementing with the staff team activities and resources to provide a rich learning environment. To be a key person I am responsible for a small group of around 6-8 children, observing and recording their learning and development. This involves taking pictures for their learning journals and commenting on their day to day activities. We also observe their current development to ensure they are at the right stage for their age in terms of speech & language. It also involves building a positive and supportive partnership with their parents/carers and families, respecting and valuing their cultures and beliefs. We aim to involve parents with all aspects of their child’s journey at Nursery including updating their individual learning plans termly. As a key worker I am heavily involved in this process, encouraging children to achieve their learning goals and to ensure I am up to date with all policies and procedures such as safeguarding, health and safety, the welfare requirements, manual handling, etc. 1.2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. Practitioner’s expectations should be to become a valuable practitioner, to be reliable and build good relationships with children and parent carers, encouraging play whilst learning, and by having children’s best interests e.g. physical activities, outings, this would help them to enjoy their growth in knowledge and assist in enhancing their development as a whole. Also practitioners should work as a team with other staff members and parent/carers in order to support the children to promote the children’s initial learning so that the children will feel confident and would be able boost up their self-esteem, and this will also help them in their future, and prepare them in further education when they move onto school. Also the expectations that are to be done in placement at a relevant standard is to supervise the children this plays a big role in child protection Act and  health and policy. Practitioners should always watch the children closely to prevent and reduce the severity of injury to children. Children often challenge their own abilities but are not always able to recognise the risks involved. Practitioners need to supervise children and identify any risks and minimise injury.